Renal Dysplasia is a defect of the kidneys. It is found most
commonly in Shih Tzu, Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers and Lhasa Apsos.
The
dog is born with relatively immature kidneys. This changes rapidly
in the first six weeks of life. In many animals, immature nephrons
(urine-forming units) exist until 6-10 weeks of age. But in this
disease, these immature nephrons persist throughout life. Also, some
nephron units do not develop and are replaced with fibrous tissue.
Sometimes this fibrous tissue represents 20-50% of the kidney, and
the kidneys are noticeably small and irregular.
Other
evidence of RD includes diffuse interstitial fibrosis in the cortex
and medula (which seems quite peculiar to this disease), reduced
numbers of glomeruli (the filtering structure of the kidney where
toxins, fluid and electrolytes are removed from the blood), dilated
and hypoplastic tubules (through which the fluid or filtrate passes
while being transformed into final urine), and a variety of sizes of
glomeruli. Some glomeruli are 20-30% smaller than normal, some are
normal size, and some are embryonic. While mineralization of tubules
can be seen in any chronic renal disease, this mineralization is
seen with JRD even in young animals that have only moderate uremia.
Researchers believe that this mineralization is somehow an early
component of this disease and is related to the abnormal development
of the nephrons. Dogs with RD have had an embryonic arrest some time
around birth. Hypertension does not seem to be part of this disease.
Affected dogs are characterized by the percentage of hypoplastic
glomeruli:
Dogs with 1-2% hypoplastic glomeruli are borderline.
Dogs with 2-15% are mild.
Dogs with 15-25% are moderate.
Dogs with 25-35% are moderately severe.
Dogs with over 35% hypoplastic glomeruli are severe.
RD is
poorly recognized because many animals are only slightly affected.
They show no clinical signs, and the presence of the disease may
fail to be detected by routine laboratory tests, including
urinalysis, serum creatinine, BUN, radiographs of renal size, and
ultrasound. Many moderately and slightly affected dogs will live
normal life spans with apparently normal renal function and can pass
on the disease to their offspring. Due to the nature of this disease
it can go undetected for many generations or be ignored by
knowledgeable breeders because only a small percentage of animals
will die of renal failure. Without the development of more effective
tests than those presently available, the disease is going to be
with us for a long time because it is transmitted in a very silent
fashion by many animals that appear clinically normal.
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